Video Discription |
When German physicist Paul Kunze first observed the muon in 1933, he wasn’t sure what to make of it.And on April 7, in fact, the Muon g-2 experiment at Fermi National Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois, has given as new result a value that has confirmed, refining it, that of Brookhaven National Laboratory: A new physics?
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As the muons go round and round this storage ring, which has a uniform magnetic field, the wobbling muons decay into particles that smack into a set of 24 detectors along the track’s inner wall. By tracking how often these decay particles hit the detectors, researchers can figure out how quickly their parent muons were wobbling - a bit like figuring out a distant lighthouse’s rotation speed by watching it dim and brighten.
With a statistical significance of 4.2 sigma, researchers cannot yet say they have made a discovery. But the evidence for new physics in muons - in conjunction with anomalies recently observed at the Large Hadron Collider Beauty experiment at CERN near Geneva - is tantalizing.
The results weren’t statistically significant enough to prove that the standard model was wrong, but they were a cause for concern. Despite its remarkable success in explaining the fundamental particles and forces that make up the universe, the Standard Model’s description remains in fact woefully incomplete. It does not account for gravity, for one thing, and it is similarly silent about the nature of dark matter, dark energy and neutrino masses.
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What are the explanations for this discrepancy from the Standard Model? Maybe the interaction with unknown subatomic particles or energy forms inconceivable today.
It could be very massive particles, with mass beyond the energy limits of the produced collisions, or particles so small that they have almost no interaction with matter. There is talk of dark photon or even a second Higgs boson.
No one can tell yet. In fact, what an anomaly implies is ambiguous. There might be something not accounted for by the Standard Model, and it could be a difference between electrons and muons. Or there could be a similar effect in electrons that is too small to currently see. The mass of a particle is related to how much it can interact with heavier unknown particles, so muons, which have about 207 times the mass of electrons, are much more sensitive.
When a muon travels through space, that space is not really empty. Instead it is a sizzling and swarming soup of an infinite number of virtual particles that can pop in and out of existence. The muon has some small chance of interacting with these particles, which tug on it, influencing how it behaves. Calculating the virtual particles’ effect on the muon’s spin - the rate at which its hour hand turns - requires a series of equally arduous and incredibly precise theoretical determinations.
If we can venture a comparison, it seems to be back to the time when based on the orbital perturbations of Uranus observed and quantified by the astronomers of the time, in 1846 Urbain Le Verrier was able to calculate the existence and position of a new planet that would later be called Neptune.
OK, but...What happens now? We will have to repeat the experiments until we reach sigma 5. And start thinking about new explanations. The hypotheses that arise are those that foresee unknown particles or forms of energy. The exciting thing for physicists is that none of these are foreseen by the Standard Model.
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Credits: Ron Miller
Credits: Mark A. Garlick / MarkGarlick.com
Credits: Nasa/Shutterstock/Storyblocks/Elon Musk/SpaceX/ESA/ESO
Credits: Flickr
Video Chapters:
00:00 Introduction
02:08 Muon is a heavier version of the electron
03:03 Muon G2 Experiment
05:01 Implications of Muon Anomalies
06:12 Explanations for Discrepancies
08:06 Future Experiments and Possibilities
09:34 New Calculations Challenge Findings
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